An Interview with the Elderly

Gillian Howard was only 7 when the Second World War started; it was a chain of events that didn't just wreck her childhood but many others. The observer got the chance to interview her as part of our elderly season. I came into the warm living room for this interview and my surrounding are of ornaments and glass statues. This is because my grandmother, Gillian, is an antique collector, so to start this interview I nuzzle myself into the infamous black leather sofa ready for the interview. My grandmother entered, I immediately stand up for this is how you treat the elder generation, with respect. I greet her and I sit back down ready to question her. I firstly ask her to just say a few interesting points that are important. She says she was born 1932 so was only 7 when the war started; Gillian lived in London at the time. Gillian still lives in London today and that is where we are now. When the blitz started in 1941 Gillian was evacuated from London and went on a train to Bristol. After that brief summary I proceed to ask her of when she felt most sad. Naturally it was when she   was separated from her parents and evacuated. She was crying and a group of soldiers came up to her and comforted her they were at the station too and were on the train to Bristol to go to the port to go onto a battleship. They sang to her the wartime songs all the way from London to Bristol she learnt them all. â€Å"But there is another event that really was sad and it just shows how the war tears families to shreds,† she said. I ask what this event is; she says â€Å"It was of course when my brother died in world war two, you see he was torpedoed by a German U-boat 4 people survived. He was one of them and he was on a chunk of metal torn away form the ship. After 4 days without food in the scorching heat of Africa the U-Boat surfaced and left them there they took photographs and used them as propaganda saying they were actually good people for they had rescued 4 dying men. 3 days later my brother died and 1 day later the rest of the crew were rescued he was just one day to short.† It is a story I have heard many times before, but it still makes me feel awfully sorry for my grandmother and her family. I then ask what happened when she arrived at Bristol. She says the she and her other brother were to be taken to a boarding school. But wasn't as easy as it seemed for it was an only boys boarding school. Gillian got up to much mischief â€Å"in one event there was a sudden uproar of mice in the school, every single pupil had one and we hid them underneath the fold up old fashioned desks.† In another event Gillian describes the useless French teacher. She explains in this episode of how pathetic the teacher was and how all the children decided to trick her. She recalls the event, â€Å"You see the week before we had tricked another teacher by putting thin string all around the corridor and it tripped her up. All the teachers were on red alert so before class I went outside the classroom of the French teacher she was marking homework in the room and I pretended to tie up all these pieces of string outside. So we went into the lesson that is our class and pretended to jump over the strings. So when the teacher left the classroom she was crawling over the floor, she thought there was string. If we had cameras back then that would be the time to use it!† I ask her if she ever saw the bombing. She then says that they only stayed at Bristol for one day before they were whisked away to the countryside. But in that night she saw the bombing. She says â€Å"In the night I was with my brother it was the most terrifying thing and all you could hear was the screeching of the bombs and huge explosions.† I ask, â€Å"When the war was over was there a huge sense of relief.† â€Å"When the war ended everybody was so cheerful I was in London on victory day but before this whole experience I was 7 now I was 13 a whole chunk of my childhood was torn out,† says Gillian. So were many other children's childhood I think to myself. â€Å"So after that I grew up in London and I met your grandfather Theo, at the age of 22, Theo was 29. So many people got married young in those days,† says Gillian. Gillian and Theo now live in a large Victorian, house in Chelsea London. I ask if they both go out much. â€Å"I go out with our dog Bosie on a walk every day to keep him healthy,† she explains. Bosie is the puppy born in august. He is very lively and is active so they go on a walk every day. â€Å"Do you have any hobbies?† I ask. She says that she collects antiques and has a very large collection of jewellery. Whenever we visit her she always shows my sisters her latest addition to the collection. At 76 Gillian still doesn't have the same athletic ability she used to have but is still very fit for her age. When we go to the park she will be joining in with the football. I therefore sum up this interview part of are elderly season with the same message as other articles of the elderly season week. They are elderly people must have respect they have come from a completely different world compared to us and therefore needed to be treated like that. The elderly are not boring, slow, dull people as depicted in stereotypical pictures they are full of years of wisdom and can tell you lots of good stories. Don't fall for what those stereotypical pictures say†¦ THINK!

Critical Thinking in 21st Century America Essay

The intellectual roots of critical thinking date back to the teachings of Socrates, who discovered a method of analytical questioning; known today as â€Å"Socratic questioning,† establishing that one could not rationally justify their assured claims to knowledge. Socrates established that people cannot depend upon those in â€Å"authority† to have sound knowledge and insight. He demonstrated that individuals may have power and high position and yet be deeply confused and irrational. He established the importance of asking questions and thinking deeply before we accept an idea as worthy of belief. Socrates stressed the significance of seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done. This, I believe, is essential to living a successful and knowledgeable life; question everything and everyone. I strongly agree with Socrates’ idea that we cannot depend upon an individual of higher power to have all-encompassing knowledge and insight solely based on their status. The use of certain words, in just the right way, is enough to make some individuals believe just about anything; most successful lawyers have built their entire careers simply by knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it. Although I feel that critical thinking is a necessity throughout life, along with analyzing and questioning everything; I also feel that it is not something that is simply learned. Today, in our contemporary 21st century American society, we are certainly allowed to be and/or trained to be critical thinkers, but it is only certain individuals who will use critical thought to its highest ability to expand their knowledge and open up the mind. These individuals, sometimes rare, have the ability to reflectively question common beliefs and justifications, and use this to carefully distinguish those beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those which lack acceptable evidence or rational foundation to justify a certain belief. Socrates’ practice was followed by many great critical thinkers, such as Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics, all of whom emphasized that things are often very different from what they appear to be and that only the trained mind is prepared to see through the way things look to us on the surface, misleading appearances, to the way they really are beneath the surface, the deeper realities of life. Critical thinking, amongst many other definitions, is the ability to understand and apply, to infer and to meaningfully investigate given information; the skills needed to see equivalents, comprehend connections, identify problems, and develop justifiable explanations. It identifies bias, and a bias is not necessarily bad; it is simply a preferred way of looking at things. However, critical thinking does not necessarily benefit everyone; it can alter relationships, change attitudes, and cause family and friends to part ways. In light of our readings, many of the individuals we have discussed stress the need for a critical society, but additionally stress that it is not always beneficial, especially for those susceptible to nonsense. John Stuart Mill feared conformism among society as a whole, he saw this as a uniformity which enforced narrow-minded views and illogical rules on those individuals more open-minded and educated. A few years back while researching religion for a paper, I came across Mill’s idea of â€Å"hell belief,† where he argues that the belief in hell is made inconsistently both strong and weak by a total system failure in critical thinking; that hell belief is incompatible with the belief that God is good. He explains that the same mind set that enables them to accept a theory involving these contradictions prevents them from seeing the logical consequences of the theory. Mill’s ideas of â€Å"hell belief† are very similar to those of my own. Many, if not most, people are introduced and expected to abide by a certain religion by the time they speak their first words. Naturally, more often than not, religion and religious values are the first thing that many are taught; however religion allows little, or no room, for critical thinking. Many people carry their religious beliefs and values throughout life, where critical thinkers challenge and question it; they find the stuff that doesn’t quite make sense and demand to know where the logic lies and why exactly they’re supposed to life by these ideas. In Mill’s ideas, people come to believe in it and manage to stay sane about it for the same reason, a lack of critical thinking. In our readings, we see that Bertrand Russell emphasizes the importance of open and free analysis, and the critical need to create education systems that raise open-minded pursuit of knowledge and cautions the dangers inherent in rigid ideologies. I agree with Russell and believe that children should be taught to think critically as soon as they start their education because as adults it is almost impossible to learn, it is not simply a skill you can up and decide you want to possess. If more schools implemented a system that encourages children to keep an open mind and consistently put certain ideas and theories to the test, they would be better prepared for future education, encouraged to socialize with their peers even if they’re not from the same religious or ethnic background, and overall be well prepared for life itself; the habit of questioning everything leads to the development of well-rounded knowledge. When referencing the answers that many of us strive for, Russell explains that if philosophy cannot answer all of our questions, it at least holds the power of asking questions which increase the interest of the world, and show the strangeness and phenomenon lying just below the surface even in the simplest things of everyday life. He identifies a need for a theory of knowledge that will merge what appears to be from what really is, as well as the importance to practice knowledge responsibly. Russell explains to us that in order to make statements or hold beliefs about knowledge, we must be able to substantiate that our knowledge is accurate to reality. Although uncertainty and doubt are Descartes’ enemy, he wanted to use doubt as a tool or weapon to combat uncertainty. What, if anything, could not be doubted after subjecting all of his knowledge to the acid wash of doubt. The one thing that Descartes concluded could not be doubted was that he was doubting. There has to be an â€Å"I† who is thinking. Descartes’ famous dictum, Cogito Ergo Sum, means â€Å"I think therefore I am†.

Critical lens Of Mice and Men Essay

J.W. Van Goethe once said â€Å"no two persons regard in the world in exactly the same way.† This means everybody has different views of the world and responds physically and mentally to different situations. I agree with this quote because we all have different perspectives and we often debate about the way we view society. In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck clearly shows how two persons are different in their own independent ways. The story of two migrant workers, George and Lennie run away from a farm in weed California because Lennie who freezes when he’s s cared,doesnt let go of a girls dress she panics and accuses him of rape. they try to make their dream come true of having their own house where they can live off the fat of the land. George and Lennie have to work at a ranch miles away from their preceding job, they meet the bosses son named Curly who has a short temper, and also meet a well-respected jerk line skinner who people look up to. Both men regard the world in different ways and both have different personalities that make them who they are. Curly who is described in the story as â€Å"an amateur boxer and is always picking fights, especially with guys who are bigger than he is.†shows his low self-esteem and how he does not have confidence in himself. Steinbeck also describes Curley’s approach â€Å"at once calculating and pugnacious,† and he strides about with â€Å"his elbows†¦still bent out a little. â€Å"This reveals Curley’s personality because he constantly has to prove to others that he is tough by his posture because of the lack of confidence he has in himself, he has to make up for his size and show that he is superior . Curley’s insecurity about his size impacts the way he views the world. Slim is described as a jerk line skinner, the main driver of a mule team. Slim is greatly respected by many of the characters even Curley. Being a leader is like a second nature to him. Unlike Curley slim is the type of person that people can easily confide with. â€Å"His tone was friendly. It invited confidence without demanding it.† Slim actions are hardly question and the characters look up to him because he knows when things are right or wrong. Slim also was sympathetic, caring, and understanding towards Lennie and his mental disability. Unlike curly Slim  has confidence in himself and doesn’t have visible insecurities about him, which makes Slim a great leader and a role model to the other people in the ranch. These two characters are completely different men that have unlike characteristics. The way they perceive and view the world is also different because of factors like behavior, beliefs, and feelings, slim is looked at as a leader while Curley is looked as a â€Å"punk† this is a result of their actions. No two persons can regard in the same way because everyone has a different perspective of life and have a different way of thinking.

The Popularity of Financial Ratios in Multivariate Modeling Essay

The Popularity of Financial Ratios in Multivariate Modeling - Essay Example In six years’ time, it has a higher positive cash flow level of  £105 as compared to the Beta of  £83.   The ARR for Alpha is higher than that for Beta at 29.4% while that of Beta is at 1.6%. This is an indication of the viability of the project to perform as expected when acquired. As such the business assets for Alpha are increasing at a higher rate than for the Beta. The rate of ARR for Alpha is an indication of the expected rates of return on the value of the assets for is higher (Robb & Robinson, 2012). The NPV of Alpha is also higher than that of Beta. It indicates that project Alpha will increase the shareholder’s equity more than project Beta. For all these reasons, it is advisable that NENE should choose project Alpha.   Internal Rate of Return is the method that gives the investors an easy way of estimating the quantity or rate of return that an investment is expected to offer. This is usually the discount rate in which the Net Present Value of the expected cash flows is equal to zero. The method can be calculated through a trial and error method, where the discount rate will be varied until we find where the NPV = 0 (Balmer, 2001). Through a general rule, the IRR with an NPV which is greater than zero is usually preferred. This method also advises that all the IRRs with values higher than the opportunity cost of capital of the project should always be accepted.   While using this method, one is able to estimate the return on the initial invested amount. The method is also easy to use as its calculations are not very complex. The method also provides a clear and easy way of comparing the projects to come up with the most preferred.   

Decision in Paradise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision in Paradise - Research Paper Example In this paper, the factors that affect the implementation of decision in the organization and propose the solution to tackle the situation are taken into consideration. Secondly, the resources and actions required to effectively implement the decision based on the proposed solution are evaluated. Finally, an analysis of the ethical implication on the part of stakeholders is made. Factors Affecting Decision Implementation: While implementing a decision in an organization, there may arise various hindrances which may curtail the organization’s effective functioning and, eventually, its growth. The major factors that affect the decision implementation can be identified as government interference, economic factors, ecological factors, human resources etc. Any decision can be effectively implemented if all these factors are considered while taking the decision. Government plays a major role in the development of an organization. The government, with its power to put restrictions on an organization, can be considered as a factor that may affect the implementation of decisions taken in the organization. ... If the company decides to make changes in its cost or other economic matters, it should first take into account the economical condition of the place. If the economic decisions do not meet the economical condition of the place, then the implementation of the decision will be ineffective. Ecological factors also affect the decision as any organization is influenced by the geographical situation of the place where it is located. If the decision taken is adverse to the ecological condition, then it cannot be effectively implemented and may cause loss for the company. In a place like Kava, which is mainly prone to natural disasters, it is important to consider the natural condition as well as the living condition of the people. The human resources may affect the decision implementation because a decision to reduce pay may invite protest from the workers. Availability of cheap labour may attract the company but those labourers will most probably be unskilled. In Kava, cheap labour is avai lable along with the persisting problem of unskilled labour. So the decision taken should be based on the human resources of the place. There are also other minor factors that may affect the effective implementation of the decisions. Prior to making and implementing a decision, a deep evaluation is required and a SWOT analysis may prove fruitful. The first solution is to study and follow the government rules regarding the setting up of organizations. The second solution is to provide minimal aid to the natives so as to make them economically stable. In order to help the people and to tackle the ecological situations, an evacuation centre might be built so that the people of Kava can get shelter in that centre

Comparing two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing two poems - Essay Example death. Death is the point where the similarities end. Even though, both poems were composed within the period of less than a year by the same poet, their stream of thought and basic ideas about what happens after death vary. In one of the poems, there becomes visible to be life after death, but in the other, there is nothing. In the poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz - When I Died" the first line "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died" transpires an immense implications. First and the foremost significance is this that the poem is in the first person. This is an indication of the fact that the narrator has already tasted the fruit of death and is unfolding the experience. Therefore, what is written must be of some truth. Also the fact that the narrator was concentrating on a fly rather than anything else when she was on her deathbed sets the mood of a calm and ordinary scene. In the poem "Because I Could Not Stop For Death" Dickinson is repeating this convention of writing in the first person and s he also inaugurates the scene in a much untailored type of style. She affirms in this poem that death arrived to pick her up in a carriage and "The Carriage held but just ourselves - And Immortality". This reveals that once again, in this case, death is as an ordinary a thing as taking a carriage ride with a friend or a beau rather than being a dreadful tribulation with a great amount of pain. As for death being described as civil or as being polite and is taken by his good manners. Then compare this to what people think death would really be like, a mean ugly old man that jerks off and doesn't give you the time of day. Therefore, Dickinson views death as just a peaceful thing where one doesn't exactly know what is going on but nonetheless is not overly upset to be there. Dickinson's strong inquisitiveness towards mortality was involved in much of her work, and is her heritage as a poet. "Because I could Not Stop for Death" is Emily Dickinson's most elaborated, quoted and referenced famous poem due to its vague, and exceptional view on the popular subject of death. Death, in this poem is mentioned as a woman's last voyage, which is goaled toward perpetuity. This poem proves to be a facilitator in characterizing and bringing death down to a more private level. Distinguishing from the more accepted notions of death being atrocious and brutal, Dickinson, in her peculiar way, gives the impression that death is unreceptive and trouble-free. Since, the theme of the poem is death, which to the poetess is usual and inescapable for everyone, but, simultaneously offering console that it is not the conclusion of a soul's journey. Rather, it is continuing. The reader can identify the poem's theme by evaluating its various tools which are figures of speech, form and structure, imagery, voice, diction and more than all these symbolism; all of these techniques and tools help the reader to comprehend the poem's meaning. The precise form that Dickinson uses throughout the poem helps convey her message to the reader. The poem is written in five quatrains. The way in which each stanza is written in a quatrain gives the poem unity and makes it easy to read. "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" starts to gives the reader a feeling of forward movement throughout the second and third quatrain. For example, in line 5, Dickinson

Japan's Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japan's Nationalism - Essay Example Broadly speaking, the Japanese citizens have developed skepticism towards the opinions they initially harbored regarding the political form of their nation and its present cultural nature. This skepticism is the core of my paper which seeks to find the causes of Japanese distrust and disloyalty against their government; and the ways through which the Japanese citizenry can increase their happiness and loyalty to their government. The country is found wanting when compared to Denmark which was ranked the leading country in happiness in the world. Japan has the second largest free market economy in the world. Its mainstay is rooted in trade on an international level, and the less prominent economic areas of agriculture, service delivery with a proficient array of industrial technicians, investors, and industrial developers; and distribution of commodities. Japan is minimally adored with natural resources that can be exchanged for foreign exchange but this imbalance is offset by the high volumes of trade conducted within and without Japan. Though Japan has been ranked as the second world largest free market economy, the economic growth has been falling since the early 1990s rated at 1% per annum, which was quite low when compared to the 4% per annum economic growth experienced in the 1980s. Though Japan experienced a period of recovery in the early years of the 2000s, the economic growth has fallen reflecting the global economic trends. The nation plummeted into a recession in the year 2008 that was prompted by a global decline for the demands of its products (Storry 1957 pp35-36). This stagnation in the growth of the economy and the eventual recession did not pass unnoticed by the Japanese citizens as it had a direct impact on them. Increase in the global prices of crude oil sent a significant ripple in price increase of the household items. These items attracted greater prices in the market thus the Japanese citizenry had to pay higher for the products than they did initially. This trend has left them feeling the pinch and they feel uncomfortable with the price increases. At the same time, demand for the Japanese products within the international market has fallen thus fetching less foreign exchange. This has also had the effect of loss of jobs for some of the laborers in Japan thus causing struggle in livelihoods as they attempt to make the household ends meet. The increased rates of joblessness have been another cause of discomforts for the Japanese people. This discomfort has resulted into the feeling of unhappiness that the Japanese are experiencing (Wilson 2002). Exportation of the Japanese products has also been affected by the slowing down of both the United States and Chinese economies. The Japanese market has for a long time relied on the two above mentioned nations for marketing their products. The slow growth of the United States and the Chinese economies reflects on the Japanese market with a decreased demand for the Japanese products. This in return has led to the decline of the Japanese revenue that is in turn reflected in poor provision of national services by the Japanese government. This has led to the people criticizing the government for its failure to effectively deal with the situation. This means that the Japanese are not happy with the way their government is dealing with the

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example bility and performance of the product and services are sustained and improved so that firms are not only able to retain existing customers but also attract new consumers. Thus risk management through effective governance, innovation, knowledge management and value addition become critical elements for protecting and sustaining the value of the products for consumers. All people directly or indirectly associated with the company are called stakeholders. Thus, customers, employees, shareholders, creditors, debtors, suppliers, regulators action groups etc. all become stakeholders in the company as they are, one way or another, affected by the business’ activities (Solomon, 2007. The identification of various stakeholders is important they are linkages that significantly impact the performance of the firm and promote development of society in general. In the contemporary environment of competitive business, the firms are not only motivated by financial benefits but play wider roles in the development of the society as a whole. Various stakeholders ensure that the business is having positive impact on the wider imperatives of social causes like environment, better HR practices, effective CSR practices etc. The analysis of stakeholders also helps the firm to proactively support the community welfare and at the same time, meet the changing preferences of the customers, thereby significantly impacting it productive outcome and improving its image and credibility amongst the stakeholders. The corporate governance gatekeepers are people who are in position to influence the decisions and activities of the management for improved and ethically delivered objectives and goals of the company. The main gatekeepers of the firm are: independent and competent board; independent and competent auditors; objective and competent legal council; and competent financial advisors. The responsibilities of different gatekeepers is to ensure that board is given the right advice regarding

Value and Drawbacks of Activity Based Management Research Paper

Value and Drawbacks of Activity Based Management - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to present a concept proposal for value and drawbacks of activity based management. The paper will develop a problem statement, discuss the significance of the problem, the advantages and drawbacks and explore existing literature on the topic. Statement of the problem The scope of activity based management and its relation to activity based costing identifies the management approach as a key line towards improved profitability of an organization. With its objectives of identifying and controlling activities that do not add value to processes, activity based management is essential in controlling production costs towards managing profitability. It forms the basis on which strategies are developed for effective elimination of ‘non-additive’ processes through activity costing (Maher, Stickney & Weil, 2007). Based on the significance of the management approach, the concept will seek to investigate the significance of value and drawbacks of activity based man agement. Significance of the research The concept into value and drawback of ‘activity-based’ management is based on the importance of the management approach to an organization. ... This understanding will promote successful application of the management approach for improving â€Å"organization performance and value† (SAS, 2007, P. 3). Pre Literature review Activity based management has been practiced over a long period in which it has evolved to a wide scope. This has been because of the capacity of the management approach to bridge other line management for collective management of organizations. Activity based management uses the data and information on all the operational activities in making relevant and result oriented decisions. By providing information on cost of products, services, processes, activities, and distribution channels, among other information; activity based management establishes a central role in managing an organization’s operation costs for relevant managerial decisions. Activity based management is, therefore, essential for its information for decision-making (CIMA, 2001). Drury also argues that activity based management approaches an organization’s operations from different perspectives and leads to improved customer utility. The management approach, therefore, benefits both the organization in its operation processes and customers through the organization’s products (Drury, 2007). Activity management accounting can, however, be costly to develop and implement, instituting limitations, especially to ‘small-scale’ organization. The management approach has also failed to eliminate arbitrary costs in operations. As a result, it is perceived as ineffective in achieving its objectives (Weygandt, Kimmel & Kieso, 2009). Complete literature review. Drury (2007) claims that activity based management is a management information tool used by the managerial board in appreciating results of

Electronic commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Electronic commerce - Essay Example It has also resulted to a difference in the way the companies relate to each other. The increased use of the internet has been contributed to by the need to perform business on line (Baye, Morgan, 2001). Various companies have managed to place their products on internet servers, where they have managed to advertise even using virtual brochures. In order for companies to attain competitive advantage, the virtual market should be untapped so as to reach so the many internet users (Baye, Morgan, 2001). Electronic commerce is defined as the buying and selling of goods, services or information through computer networks using the internet. E -commerce offers new ways of doing business that no company can ignore. Electronic commerce has brought with it several benefits, and it is also extremely convenient. Some of the benefits of e-commerce include; shortened remittance time, companies have managed to easily promote their product, both consumers and the companies have saved on the cost; it has enhanced the provision of timely information. E-commerce has also ensured a consistent flow of information; better customer relationship, it has enhanced the customization of products, and it has also brought with it the convenience of doing business (Baye, Morgan, 2001). ... The informational strategy has proved to be productive for most companies. An example showing the use of this strategy is Insight Direct, where a discount computer cataloger marketing mostly to business, obtains only 10 per cent of its deals from its on-line collection; however, such a company manages to get more than more 75 percent new customers from the site (Baye, Morgan, 2001). Another strategy used in e-commerce is the on-line or transactional strategy, which normally uses an electronic catalogue of goods for sale. Those visiting the site can normally go through the catalog and purchase products online. Despite the fact that the informational strategy provides an electronic catalogue and ordering information, it does not enhance online business transactions. The informational strategy does not, therefore, exploit the ability of the web to be used as an interactive medium. The transactional strategy is what most consumers relying on e-commerce would expect. In e-commerce for a c ompany to increase its overall performance, it is essential that the company establishes a website. This strategy may have a disadvantage, which is transaction insecurity. Online transactions have proved to be successful both for the small and medium sized companies. Such companies that have benefitted using this strategy include; the Virtual vine yards and Amazon.com. The use of the online transaction strategy has enhanced the growth of various enterprises; this is because the web has proved to be a potential money making vehicle that can be used in e-commerce (Baye, Morgan, 2001). The two strategies, however, have both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of using the informational strategy include;

Positive Impact of Outsourcing in India Essay Example for Free

Positive Impact of Outsourcing in India Essay Outsourcing or Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) to countries belonging to the developing classification is the present trend. The establishment of outsourcing as an essential component in the world economy is a result of explosive growth of internet, development of the information society, and globalization. The outsourcing of Information Technology (IT) emerged during the time of the start of every corner of the world being brought together by the internet and the national barriers of countries all over the globe were brought down by globalization(Ghimire, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In information technology industry, outsourcing to developing countries is the latest strategy of companies from developed countries mainly as a cost-cutting mechanism. Outsourcing now is not merely other firms handling operations and services of other companies but rather it has crossed the national borders. Parts of the IT aspects or the whole business functions are now executed and managed by different companies in developing countries like India, Brazil, China, Israel, and Philippines. These developing countries have companies which cater to the needs of big companies in developed countries. Outsourcing to other countries is thus the provision of services like those associated with information technology by companies of developing countries to sustain the needs of the companies which are in developed countries. The primary driving force of big companies in developing countries employing outsourcing in developing countries are: higher efficiency, better quality of services, and cheaper labor cost(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The growth of the information technology sector of India has been unparalleled since the liberation of the Indian Telecom sector in 1994. The progression of India as a global outsourcing provider is continuous since then. Today, this country is the primary outsourcing provider in the world, holding the 44% of global outsourcing market in back-office services and software. At the end of 2005 the revenues generated by the outsourcing in this country is 17.2 US dollars; and hired direct employment of 1.05 million people and hired indirect employees which sums up to 2.5 people. These indirectly hired employees are associated with the catering and transport business(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive and negative impacts to the people of India especially on the workers of the outsourcing provider companies are brought about by this new trend. The most significant impact of outsourcing in developing countries like India is on its economy and its employment rate. Numerous numbers of individuals are given the opportunity to work for a living through the outsourcing processes. The outsourcing of the information technology (IT) to India increased the employment rate with 100,000 people being hired annually. Though the salary of those people working in an outsourcing provider from a developing country is lower than those of their developed country counterparts, these salaries are already slightly higher in relation to the rates in their developing country(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of new infrastructures in developing countries like India is another affirmative impact of the business operations outsourcing. Aside from this, outsourcing also brought about the transmittance of ideas and technology to developing countries regarding various aspects of the business industry like manufacturing and agriculture. Guidance in communications from business-to-business and e-commerce applications; information provision regarding marketing and prices; and conveyance of knowledge on services processing operations are among the specific benefits acquired by developing countries through outsourcing(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary component of India’s outsourcing industry is the call centers which are providers of information and telecommunication technology-based off shoring services. The progression of the call center industry in India brought about changes in the culture and society of this nation. India which is a patriarchal society is now faced with the issue of social, cultural, and economic women empowerment because the call center industry prefers to hire women. These women call center agents acquired financial independence hence their outlook, career choice, and attitude changed from being subordinates of the patriarchal society into women capable of being independent and asserting themselves in their society and families. Despite women though being independent financially their social status in the society is not much changed because their work is considered inferiorly dignified due to the night working hours(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The call centers serve as avenue for the Indian call center agents to understand the culture, customs, and accent of the West through the costumers which they provide services. These Indian call center agents are also exposed to diverse culture of the people that they work with because foreigners also come to India and work as call center agents. The outsourcing thus also serves as a medium for the Indian people especially the youth who are working as call center agents to interact with foreigners of different languages and culture(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though outsourcing provides positive impacts to the people in India, it also goes along with its negative attributes. Some call center agents due to the pressures in their work and night working hours undergo panic attacks, stress, relationship troubles, depression, eating disorders, alcoholism, and relatively no social life. Mental, psychological, and health disorders are also observed in outsourcing companies due to the desire of the worker to cope with the challenges in their work. The workers of these outsourcing provider companies are subjected to racial and cultural discrimination by people of the developed countries which they service. The nature of the working hours of these outsourcing workers also brought about social division wherein the working class youth are alienated with their peers because they are not able to socialize with them(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change like the development of India’s business industry through outsourcing despite having various benefits also comes with diverse disadvantages. The government which benefits from the revenues and taxes which are generated through the outsourcing industry needs to have programs to help the employees of this work force be able to cope up with the challenges they encounter. In general, outsourcing brought about boost in the economy of India and is strengthening the value of rupee against the US dollar. References Ghimire, B. (2005). IT Job Outsourcing. Ubiquity  Ã‚   Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/v6i31_bhumika.html Nag, B. (2004). BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING: IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS. Bulletin on Asia-Pacific Perspectives. Pradhan, J. P. a. V. A. (2005). Social and Cultural Impact of Outsourcing: Emerging Issues from Indian Call Centers. Harvard Asia Quarterly, from http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/155/

Good and Evil and Beowulf Essay Example for Free

Good and Evil and Beowulf Essay Beowulf is the most famous epic of the Anglo-Saxon period. This is a story of an epic hero who fights against the most sinister monsters known to man. Beowulf and Grendel are the main characters of this tale; they are the perfect example of good versus evil, light versus dark, and hero versus villain. Beowulf is the story all epic hero stories have followed; the Beowulf with his hero qualities goes head to head with Grendel. Heroes and villains share a lot of qualities but a number of key characteristics set them apart. Heroes as well as villains above all are abnormal; they share their own specific goals and are often very intelligent and capable of achieving what they want or need to achieve. Both types of these individuals are often warrior like and of unique or even divine like powers and weapons. Despite sharing these characteristics they are not similar in their desires. Heroes fight on the side of right, they fight for the good of man and they fight for the safety of society. Villains fight for evil; they do not care about innocent people being injured by their actions and only seek self satisfaction. Villains recklessly murder anyone who gets in their way and the only ones who can stop them are heroes like Beowulf. Beowulf is a shining example of an epic hero who fights against the evils of the Geats. Beowulf is a warrior who praises god and aims to kill the monsters that plague his people. Bravest and the best of the Geats, Beowulf is a superhuman warrior who is out to kill the likes of Grendel for fame and glory. Grendel is the most sinister monster known to the Geats, he strikes fear into their hearts because of what he has done to innocent people. Grendel is an ugly and despicable monster who has hands forged in hell (ll. 64). Grendel is the enemy of mankind and specifically Beowulf, he is the shadow of death and lusts for evil (ll. 74). The conflict between Grendel and Beowulf is not one that is just a battle of fame or pleasure but one of righteousness and wrong. Beowulf must defeat Grendel for all of the evil he has committed and to honor those who have died defending themselves from this creature born in the depths of hell.

The Effects Of Interval And Continuous Training Physical Education Essay

The Effects Of Interval And Continuous Training Physical Education Essay In todays society where appearance and health is a major part of modern life, there is a growing awareness of overweight and obesity in the World. For many reasons such as appearance, health many overweight and obese people undertake some form of diet or exercise program to overcome this. In many grocery stores fitness magazine can be found describing new fat diets shed 2 stone in 4 weeks. Weight-loss drinks have become more and more popular as they may aid in weight loss, although most people favour eating actual food than a shake every couple of hours every day. More health clubs have become available all around the country, being easy to access and offering guarantee weight loss. These clubs help people in losing weight, however usually does little to encourage them to stay as they have already received there signing up fee. Success in weight loss programs comes by adherence to exercise, however for a majority of people this is the major issue. These health and fitness clubs strive on selling membership to the general public and most dont encourage people to stay. More exercise and changes in diet are the key factors to weight loss. A change in diet helps weight loss by restricting total caloric as well as fat intake (C. Curioni P.Lourenco, 2005). A change in exercise patterns also aids weight loss by increasing caloric and fat expenditure (L N. Keim et al., 1990 V. Mougios, et al., 2006) Many individuals attempt to lose weight, though never meeting their goals. This is usually due to someone attempting a diet and exercise program for a brief time, lack of changes in their appearance or weight make the participant want to quit (A. Grediagin, et al., 1995) as well as lack of time and interest (Willis Campbell, 1992) have shown to prevent devotion to their weight loss program (Kempen et al. 1995). Body composition is one of the most frequently studied subjects (R. Bryner, et.al 1997). To date, a number of studies have reported the efficacy of high intensity exercise on various physiological parameters related to weight loss (R. Bryner, et al. 1997; J. Jakicic. et al. 2004; V. Mougios et al. 2006). Both men and women begin dieting and exercise programs in an attempt to lose weight however many fail to continue to either exercise or diet usually due to a decrease in results. However, women tend to struggle compared with men when losing weight (Gleim, 1993). Factors include smaller body sizes (Gleim, 1993), less fat free mass (Pollock et al., 1998; Westerterp, 1998), and lower resting metabolic rates (RMR) (Westerterp, 1998) than men. Mens testosterone levels are higher than women, which causes males to have a greater muscle mass and absolute RMR than women (D.W McArdle, et.al 1996). These factors cause females energy expenditures to be less than that of male, so it critical to find an exercise program or diet program for females that will create the necessary results needed for the participants to make sure they continue with that program. The Conventional way of low intensity exercise was considered to be more beneficial way to reduce weight than high intensity exercise because of the greater percentage of fat calories are burned during low intensity exercise (McArdle et al., 1996). Previous research has shown that higher intensity exercise is associated with greater improvements in cardiovascular fitness and greater caloric expenditure, which in turn can assist in improving health as well as weight loss (Perna, et al. 1999, ODonovan, et al. 2005). However it has been shown that high intensity exercise requires a greater percentage of calories (kcal) during and after exercise and is often greater than that of lower intensity exercise (ODonovan, et al. 2005). Substantially following exercise, fat metabolism and RMR has been shown to be elevated for up to 24 hours (Bielinski, Schultz, Jà ©quier, 1985; Treuth, Hunter, Williams, 1996). It is has been highly debated whether if high intensity interval training can be used as a possible treatment intervention in promoting weight loss. In continuous steady state training the speed which the participant exercises at stays the same intensity throughout the duration of the protocol. Whereas the participant completes 10 intermittently exercises at a high intensity alternating with a lower intensity every few moments in the high intensity interval training. Comparing the two training protocols over the same amount of calories expended during a high intensity high intensity interval training program as in a more moderate intensity steady state training program the substrate utilization during these exercises will differ (K. Wallman, et al. 2009). Higher intensity exercise would use primarily use glycogen during exercise whereas a more moderate intensity program would use primarily fat (K. Wallman, et al. 2009). A typical individual would interpret this information as an argument that low steady state intensity exercise is better for burning fat. However, this does not take in to account the fact that fat metabolism is increased after high intensity interval exercise, serving as the bodys fuel source for any post-exercise activity, also to replenish the glycogen stores depleted by the high intensity exercise (K. Wallman, et al. 2009) Its very difficult for many individuals to maintain an extremely high intensity for an extended period of time, thus requiring that near maximal exercise is completed in a high intensity interval training program rather than a continuous steady state program (W. Schmidt et al., 2001) Aims Compare the effects of high intensity interval training versus low intensity continuous steady state training on VO2 max in overweight women. Compare the effects of high intensity interval training versus low intensity continuous steady state training on body composition in overweight women. Lack of studies dealing with high intensity interval training programs as a potential means of weight loss over a short intervention, this specifies that such research is necessary to determine if high intensity interval training is a worthwhile means to reduce total body weight and fat mass over a shorter period. 1.3 Hypotheses / Research Questions The two research hypotheses of this study were null 1) there would be no significant differences between high intensity interval training and low steady state continuous steady state training in V02 max and in body fat percentage; alternative 2) there would be a significant difference between high intensity interval training and low steady state continuous steady state training in VO2 max and body fat percentage. Delimitations Subjects were limited to 18 to 34 year-old female non-smokers, not pregnant, not lactating, and not taking any medications that could inhibit metabolism with a body fat percentage 25% 30%. Subjects, 4 subjects were assigned to either interval training group or continuous steady state training group. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance (BIA) Maximal aerobic capacity was measured using multi stage fitness test (MSFT). The equation was then used to then calculate the VO2max (AD Flouris et.al. 2004 L L ´eger, C Gadoury.1989). V02 max was used to determine the level at which a subject needed to exercise for a given exercise intensity. Limitations A small group, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings. Work environment could not be controlled for. Bioelectrical impedance could only be used for body fat percentage. Multi stage fitness test (MSFT) to assess VO2 max not graded exercise test (GXT). Definition of Terms Aerobic: exercising which requires the use of oxygen Anaerobic: exercising without the presence of oxygen as the work intensity is greater than the rate the body can transport oxygen to be used. Body mass index (BMI): describes relative weight for height. Calculated as weight (kg)/height squared (m2) x 704.5. A BMI of > 25 is considered overweight and a BMI > 30 is considered obese in women. Calorie: energy unit also known as the kilocalorie (kcal). It takes 3500 kcal to be to burn one pound of fat. Continuous training: steady-paced, prolonged exercise (McArdle et al. 1996) Interval training: a form of training that involves high-intensity exercise for a brief period of time with brief periods of rest or low intensity exercise (McArdle et al., 1996) Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): is used to measure cardiovascular fitness Obesity: unhealthy high body fat percentages, generally considered >30% for women (McArdle et al., 1996) Overweight: unhealthy high body fat percentages, generally considered 25% to 30% body fat percentage. Steady-state: the point that is reached in continuous exercise where workload and heart rate become constant. 2.0 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Review Obesity is a worldwide issue associated with serious health, social, and economic problems (Brisbon N, et al. 2005). (World Health Organisation 2005) defines overweight and obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. Obesity has been associated with one or more diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, which have shown to result in serious health issues and even causes of death (C. Stein and C. Colditz 2004). Obesity can be classified into two different sections these being android obesity, where the main proportion of fat mass is situated around the abdomen and waist area, and gynoid obesity, where a large proportion of fat mass is located in the gluteal and femoral areas (A. Kissebah and G. Krakower 1994). Obesity is usually occurs as the result of an imbalance between calories consumed and calories which are expended. An increased consumption of highly calorific foods, without an equal increase in physical activity, will lead to an unhealthy increase in weight. Also decreased levels of physical activity will result in an energy imbalance and lead to weight gain. It is estimated that one billion adults are overweight and more than 300 million are obese (World Health Organisation 2008). At least 2.6 million people each year die as a result of being overweight or obese (World Health Organisation 2008). Once being associated with the higher income countries, obesity is now also widespread into the lower and middle income countries, as over 65% of the worlds population live in a country where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight (World Health Organisation 2008). This includes all high-income and middle-income countries. Globally, 44% of diabetes, 23% of ischaemic heart disease and 7-41% of certain cancers are attributable to overweight and obesity (World Health Organisation 2008). 2.2 Body Mass Index The most commonly used measure for identifying if an individual is considered overweight or obese is the Body Mass Index (BMI), is a simple index to classify overweight and obesity in adult populations and individuals. The (World Health Organisation) defines the calculations for BMI as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). The classifications of BMI are underweight (=25.0), pre-obese (25.0 29.9), obese (>=30.0), obese class 1 (30.0 34.9), obese class 2 (35.0 39.9) and obese class 3 (>=40.0). The body mass index (BMI) is the same within both sexes and for all ages of adults. However, the BMI should be considered as a rough guideline as it may not correspond to the same body fat percentage in different individuals. The BMI classification system is not yet usable for children as their bodies undergo a number of physiological changes as they grow. 2.3 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) However bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a commonly used method for estimating body composition (Maughan R 1993). BIA first became available in the mid-1980s the method has become very popular due to its ease of use, portability of the equipment and its relatively low cost compared to some of the other major methods in assessing body composition analysis (Maughan R 1993). In spite of the perception that BIA measures body fat, the device actually determines the electrical impedance of body tissues, which in turn provides an estimate of total body water (TBW) (Maughan R 1993). TBW results from the BIA, can then estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat (adiposity) (Maughan R 1993). 2.4 Exercise Regimes Changes in diet and/or exercise patterns are the primary ways for one to lose weight but a combination of caloric restriction and exercise has been shown to be a more effective nonsurgical intervention (C. Curioni and P.Lourenco, 2005). Recent research from (V. Mougios, et al. 2006) has shown that a combination of exercise and dieting has been more effective to optimize fat loss. Past research from (N. Keim, et al. 1990) agrees with this by stating that a change in diet eases weight loss by limiting the total caloric intake for the day. Caloric and fat expenditure is increased by a change in exercise patterns (N. Keim, et al. 1990). Of relevance, the exercise regime typically employed in an overweight or obese population involves stable aerobic exercise performed at a continuous low to moderately low intensity (Jacobsen et al., 2003). It is undefined whether this form of exercise (continuous), in combination with dieting, is the most effective way to lose fat or to improve general health. Alternatively high intensity exercise burns a larger number of calories when compared with low to low-moderate intensity exercise performed over the same period of time, therefore being more effective solution for fat loss (L. Campbell, et al. 2010, ). Additionally past research from (J. MacDougall, et al. 1998) has shown that high intensity exercise places a larger physiological load on the cardiovascular system compared with lower intensity exercise and therefore may lead to greater results in improvements in aerobic fitness. On the other hand (L. Campbell, et al. 2010) states that many overweight and obese individuals have l ow levels of fitness, the stress which is put upon their bodies by the high bouts of high intensity exercise may be difficult for them, if not impossible. This is supported by Jakicic et al. (2004) who reported the need for obese/overweight participants to divide their exercise sessions into smaller sections due to their incapability of performing a single continuous session of moderate to high intensity exercise. Up to now, certain studies have reported the efficacy of high intensity exercise on various physiological restrictions related to weight loss (Jakicic, Marcus, Gallagher, et al. 2004; Mougios, Kazaki, Christoulas, et al. 2006). In addition, ODonovan et al. (2005) has reported superior improvements in cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) after research of a 24 weeks period of high-intensity exercise, compared to moderate-intensity exercise. As Interval training includes bouts of high-intensity exercise with stages of rest or lower intensity exercise that allow for part recovery (McArdle et al., 2001), it can be used for most individuals as dependent on their fitness levels the intensity and duration of the interval bouts can be adjusted in order to match an individual, thus making this form of training a suitable option for most people. The studies which have compared high intensity interval training and continuous aerobic exercise in the o bese and overweight population have stated that high intensity interval training resulted in greater fat loss (J. King et al, 2001; E. Trapp et al, 2008). High intensity interval training can be conducted in many forms of exercises from cycling to walking, research from (L. Campbell, et al. 2010) looked at the effects of interval exercise on physiological more specifically into continuous versus interval walking in an obese population, whereas (K. Wallman, et al. 2009) exercise interventions required the participants to exercise on a cycle ergometer (Monark 828e, Sweden) as the reduced strain on the body , would occur via cycling, as an exercise intervention in an overweight population. The research done by (L. Campbell, 2010) stated that potential participants were eliminated if they participated in an excess of 30 minutes of exercise on 3 different occasions per week over the last 6 months K. Wallman, et al. (2009) also stated this. L. Campbell, (2010) also excluded participants if they were ever pregnant, taking medications in relation to beta blockers, blood pressure or a thyroid medication, whereas other research by (K. Wallman, et al. 2009, JW. J. King. 2001, K. Hansen, et al. 2005) didnt look into eliminating participants if they had these advantages. Participants were also excluded if they had diabetes, had a blood pressure (BP) superior than 160/90, had lost more than five kg in the last three months, had musculoskeletal problems that prevented them from walking (L. Campbell, 2010, K. Wallman, et al. 2009). The daily activity data for a week i.e. the number of steps per day was assessed during weeks 1 and 12 of the intervention using a pedometer (Yamax, Dig i-walker, SW-700, Tokyo, Japan) in research by (L. Campbell, 2010). The Yamax Digi-walker pedometer has been reported to accurately and reliably measure steps during walking and running in overweight and obese individuals (Swartz et al., 2003). However other studies did not take into consideration daily activity which is what I did. How different studies measured their results varied as H. Mohebbi, (2011) interventions consisted of the use body mass index and whole body fat mass and free fat mass (FFM) in order to get their results, whereas (K. Wallman, et al. 2009) used the stadiometer for to measure their height and body mass was determined using Sauter scales. Compared with how the intervention that I used to get my results would be the use of body fat percentages from bioelectrical impedance and looking into physiology adaptations by the MSFT. 2.5 Interval Versus Continuous The research results reported by (L. Campbell, 2010) used individuals who there were no significant differences for age, body-mass, height and BMI Prior to the intervention for both groups and there were no significant differences between the two groups for VO2peak (ml ·kg-1 ·min-1) K. Wallman, et al. (2009) also approach their investigations this way. The results by (L. Campbell, 2010, K. Wallman, et al. 2009, K. Hansen, et al. 2005) shown that there were no significant differences between both groups for body mass, fat mass or lean mass at baseline but there were significant main effects for time for body mass and fat mass . Further, while (L. Campbell, 2010) found there were no significant differences between groups for gynoid and android fat mass at baseline or upon the conclusion of the intervention, there was a significant main effect for time found for gynoid fat mass, with reductions in this measure being reflected by large ES in interval and continuous groups. Whereas K. Wallman, et al. (2009) found there was no significant differences, however there was a slight difference in both variables, but results revealed that while there were no significant changes in body mass and android and gynoid fat mass between groups, there was a trend for a decline in android fat mass in the interval group, as established by a large effect size in this group only. Declines in total fat and gynoid fat mass were reflected by significant main effects for time, as well as moderate and large effect in both groups (L. Campbell, 2010). L. Campbell, (2010), K. Wallman, et al. (2009) found that in addition, the decrease in overall body mass over time only was reflected by a moderate effect sizes in the interval group only. These results show that body mass in the interval group are most probable at greater total android fat mass and fat loss in the interventions, as results show interval group are (~22.5% and 28.5%) compared to the continuous group (~17% and 19.2%) (L. Campbell, 2010). Furthermore these results are also support by other similar studies that stated body mass loss (W. Schmidt et al., 2001; J. Volek et al., 2005) and fat mass loss (J. King et al., 2001) after exercise interventions (J. King et al., 2001; W. Schmidt et al., 2001) and also a diet and exercise intervention (J. Volek et al., 2005). K. Wallman, et al. (2009) research looked into the use of a calorie restricted diet when comparing interval versus continuous, while other studies (J. King, et al 2001, K. Hansen, et al. 2005, L. Campbell, 2010) have shown not to directly look into calorie restricted diet. Consequently research suggests a combination of both high intensity interval training and calorie restricted diet has shown beneficial improvement in VLDL-C (L. Campbell, 2010). The studies which have compared high intensity interval training to continuous aerobic exercise in the obese and overweight population have reported that high intensity interval training resulted in greater fat loss (J W. King, et al, 2001; E. Trapp et al, 2008). Nonetheless, the results of the study conducted by (C. Perry, 2008) suggest that further investigation is necessary into the use of interval training on cardiovascular fitness and fat loss amongst an overweight or obese population. C. Perry, (2008) In particular, a longer intervention period, as well as a higher work to relief ratio associated with the interval exercise may result in greater improvements in cardiovascular fitness and fat loss. As the results have shown that interval training appears to be an effective form of exercise when improving aerobic performance and fat loss, (C. Perry, 2008) states that future studies should examine the adoptability and sustainability of a cycling interval training regimen in the overweight and obese population. Furthermore J W. King, et al (2001) indicated that there is a lack of studies investigating high intensity interval training programs as a potential means of weight loss compared with low continuous training. This shows that such rese arch must be conducted to determine if high intensity interval training is a viable means to reduce total body weight and fat mass when in complaisant with low continuous training. 2.6 Summary Even though previous studies exist concerning the effect of high intensity interval training on performance, interval training has yet to be assessed in a shorter duration than other studies which look into the effects of interval training. Most studies look into the effects of high intensity interval training over a period of 8 weeks or longer (Jakicic, Marcus, Gallagher, et al. 2004; Mougios, Kazaki, Christoulas, et al. 2006). These studies have found a significant difference when comparing body fat percentage/Body composition and performance (J. King et al, 2001; E. Trapp et al, 2008). However if an high intensity interval training program is shown to produce changes in body weight and body composition in a shorter time than 8 weeks plus, perhaps that type of program would be more appealing to those who have difficulty adhering to longer continuous steady state exercise programs. 3.0 CHAPTER THREE METHOD The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high intensity interval versus low steady state continuous training on weight loss and body composition in overweight population. This section will discuss the subjects, instrumentation, research protocol, and the design and analyses that were used in comparing the effects of the two training methods. 3.1 Subjects The primary criterion for subject selection will be that all subjects will be clinically overweight and obese, overweight is classified having an body fat percentage of 25% During the testing the subjects were not be allowed to make any conscious changes in their eating habits. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of high intensity interval and low intensity steady state training protocols on weight loss and physiological adaptations, any changes in energy consumption would have an effect on this data. For this study there were 8 subjects/volunteers, which were randomized into two different groups using randomized software, these groups being high intensity interval and continuous steady state training groups. The 8 subjects will be randomly drawn into high intensity interval training and low intensity steady state training groups though computer software tools which was also agreed with by participants and the university itself. Prior to the study, all subjects were asked to sign an informed consent form (Appendix A) and Par-Q (Appendix B). The informed consent notified subjects of all potential risks involved, including the possibility of musculoskeletal injury and myocardial infarction (J. King et al, 2001) while the Par-Q gave detailed information about the participants health. The experimental protocol and associated risks were explained orally and in writing form to all subjects before written consent will be obtained. The subjects were told that they would be free to leave the study at any time and that their personal records would be kept confidential. 3.2 Tests and Equipment Each subject completed a 4 week training program, the subjects were told that they would be free to leave the study at any time and that their personal records would be kept confidential. Prior to the study the subjects/volunteers were asked if they are involved in a structured training program and will be excluded from the study if they dont meet the criteria. As this study dealt with the effect of high intensity interval and low intensity steady state training protocols on weight loss, body composition and physiological adaptations, there were be several measures taken. A VO2 max test prior to the study was conducted in order to determine appropriate absolute intensity levels for the subjects. The dependent variables, weight and body composition, was measured at both the beginning and end of the study. Body fat percentage was also recorded both at the beginning and end of the study at similar times in the afternoon. The most precise way to assess aerobic capacity is the direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a graded exercise test (GXT). However, the direct measurement of VO2max is often limited to laboratory, clinical, and research settings. The requirement to assess aerobic capacity in the general public has led to different development of various field based testing. These tests included the multistage fitness test and 1 mile walk test, previous research by (D J. George et al., 1997; P D. Heil et al., 1995; H M. Malek et al., 2005) reported valid estimates of aerobic capacity when using field based VO2 max testing. The multistage fitness was used in this study due to other commitments where all participants couldnt arrive at the laboratorys to conduct the GXT. The 20-m multi-stage shuttle run test (MSFT) is also known as the Leger test, the beep test, the bleep test (Leger, Mercier, Gadoury, Lambert, 1988). MSFT (20-m MSFT, Leger et al., 1988; Leger et al., 1989) is often the most used field based fitness test used when testing aerobic capacities of a person, recent study by (Wong et al., 2001; Mota et al., 2002; Guerra et al., 2002; Vicente-Rodriguez et al., 2003; Vicente-Rodriguez et al., 2004) have used the 20-m multistage fitness test for the measurement of aerobic capacity. The MSFT involved the test subjects to do continuous running in-between two lines which were situated 20 metres apart in time to the recorded beeps. As the test subjects reach the marked line they then stop, turn around by 180 ° and run in the opposite direction towards the other marked line. The subjects were told they must stop when instructed by a beep from a CD. The starting speed of the MSFT is 8.5 km/h and after about a minute a sound indicates an increase in speed (0.5 km/h per minute) (Leger, A L Lambert, J. 1982). As the level increase the time it take for the beeps decreases. The test was stopped when a subject was unable to keep up with the pace dictated by the beep sound, and their score was taken. Throughout the test, the participants had to make sure to cover the set distance and touch each line with their foot before proceeding towards the next line. In order to calculate the predicted VO2 max (predËâ„ ¢VO2 max) for the MSFT an appropriate equations was used (AD Flouris et.al. 2004 L L ´eger, C Gadoury.1989): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MSFT: predËâ„ ¢VO2max = MAS ÃÆ'- 6.592 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 32.678 Each subjects was required to attend the exercise physiology laboratory at Wolverhampton university where their height can be assessed using a stadiometer, their mass be assessed and body fat percentage using bioelectrical impedance. However due to time arrangements participants couldnt make it to physiology laboratories for testing, therefore the testing was brought to the participants through the portability of the bioelectrical impedance and a portable stadiometer was used to assess the participants height, also they weight was assessed using scales (Seca 769 Upright Scales). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has emerged as one of the most popular methods for estimating relative body fat (National Institutes of Health Technology 1996 V H. Heyward et al., 1996). BIA was first developed in the 1960s; BIA is also relatively simple, quick and portable and is used in diverse settings, including private clinics and hospitals. National Institutes of Health Technology (1996) has shown that the BIA method to have approximately the same accuracy as of the skinfold method in a diverse group as also found by (V H. Heyward et al., 1996 D W. Lockner et al., 1999). Before testing subjects could moderately consume drinks or food, as long as the fluid or food remains within the stomach, not absorbed by body tissue, test results will not be influenced (V H. Heyward et al., 1996). To conduct the BIA all subjects were asked to lie in a supine position on a non-conducting surface, with the arms slightly abducted from the trunk and the legs slightly separated the particular model used was the (Bodystat 1500; Bodystat Ltd, Douglas, UK). The electrodes were placed on the hand and foot of the right side of the body and repeat tests were applied to the same side of the body, new electrodes were employed for each subject. A non-susceptible current then entered the body through the first pair of hand-foot electrodes, and then the second electrode pair is used to determine the voltage drop caused by the body water dependent impedance or total resistance which then determines body fat percentage (V H. Heyward et al., 1996) a few seconds later the test was completed. <

Rate of Reaction Coursework Essay -- GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investi

Rates of Reaction A chemical reaction can only occur between particles when they collide (hit each other). Particles may be atoms, ions or molecules. There is a minimum amount of energy which colliding particles need in order to react with each other. If the colliding particles have less than this minimum energy then they just bounce off each other and no reaction occurs. This minimum energy is called the activation energy. The faster the particles are going, the more energy they have. Fast moving particles are more likely to react when they collide. You can make particles move more quickly by heating them up (raising the temperature). Changing the Rate of a Reaction. There are 5 ways to increase the rate of a chemical reaction. They are all understood in terms of collision theory. The rate of a chemical reaction may be increased by 1) Raising the temperature. 2) Increasing the concentration (in solution). 3) Increasing the pressure (in gases). 4) Increasing the surface area of a solid. 5) Use a catalyst. Measuring the Rate. The reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid. HCl + sodium thiosulphatearrowsodium chloride + sulphur dioxide + sulphur + water. HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) arrow NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l) The solid sulphur (S(s)) formed in this reaction makes the colorless solution go cloudy. The reaction is usually carried out in a flask placed on a piece of white paper which has a ...

The Apathy Of Generation X :: essays research papers

For the past 25 years it has been wondered why the young people of America have shared the same apathetic attitude towards politics as the older generation of Americans. Indeed, the issues concerning young voters are just as important as those concerning older voters. Why the newest voters choose to abstain their right has long been studied. While it has been proven that the vote of young people can make or a break an election, most candidates are reluctant to relate themselves to young people. When that Tuesday in November comes, young people choose not be heard, assuring themselves future neglect by the part of elected officials. There are reasons that young people do not vote, or get involved in political actions. They range from apathy to just plain not having enough time. One of the larger reasons is that most candidates are much older then those 18-25. This would put the generation gap in between candidates and the youthful voters. A 19 year old Trinity College student remarks about Bob Dole, I think he is making himself look older by speaking about certain issues we (young people) can not relate to. When asked to give an example the student stated, "he made a reference to World War I, I thought he was going to say he fought in that one too!" (www.mtv.com/chooseorlose). While Bob Dole is a isolated instance, many youthful voters feel that there is a ever growing distance between them and the older generations. Another reason that young people are turning away is lack of education towards politics. While this could be said for any age group, it seems to be more prevalent in younger people. The lifestyle of younger people does not allow for a everyday exposure to politics as those of a older generation. Thomas Banks, a 19 year old student, when asked why he was not watching the 1992 Presidential Debates responded, "I guess because I don't really see what's going on at college. I feel pretty isolated. It doesn't seem as important to me as studying. I guess". Although not in a career yet, the life of a student is proving to be just as busy as those in the older generations. People in the full time labor are not the only ones who can use a hassle-full life as an excuse not to get involved. There is another major reason that young people feel isolated and set apart from the political world. For those who take the time to educate themselves, and to participate in what activities they can; they soon find that the major candidates have paid little, if any attention to the issues that The Apathy Of Generation X :: essays research papers For the past 25 years it has been wondered why the young people of America have shared the same apathetic attitude towards politics as the older generation of Americans. Indeed, the issues concerning young voters are just as important as those concerning older voters. Why the newest voters choose to abstain their right has long been studied. While it has been proven that the vote of young people can make or a break an election, most candidates are reluctant to relate themselves to young people. When that Tuesday in November comes, young people choose not be heard, assuring themselves future neglect by the part of elected officials. There are reasons that young people do not vote, or get involved in political actions. They range from apathy to just plain not having enough time. One of the larger reasons is that most candidates are much older then those 18-25. This would put the generation gap in between candidates and the youthful voters. A 19 year old Trinity College student remarks about Bob Dole, I think he is making himself look older by speaking about certain issues we (young people) can not relate to. When asked to give an example the student stated, "he made a reference to World War I, I thought he was going to say he fought in that one too!" (www.mtv.com/chooseorlose). While Bob Dole is a isolated instance, many youthful voters feel that there is a ever growing distance between them and the older generations. Another reason that young people are turning away is lack of education towards politics. While this could be said for any age group, it seems to be more prevalent in younger people. The lifestyle of younger people does not allow for a everyday exposure to politics as those of a older generation. Thomas Banks, a 19 year old student, when asked why he was not watching the 1992 Presidential Debates responded, "I guess because I don't really see what's going on at college. I feel pretty isolated. It doesn't seem as important to me as studying. I guess". Although not in a career yet, the life of a student is proving to be just as busy as those in the older generations. People in the full time labor are not the only ones who can use a hassle-full life as an excuse not to get involved. There is another major reason that young people feel isolated and set apart from the political world. For those who take the time to educate themselves, and to participate in what activities they can; they soon find that the major candidates have paid little, if any attention to the issues that

evolution Essay -- essays research papers

The majority of people in this world believe that a spiritual being created earth. In fact, "most religions and cultures believe the universe was created by a 'creative hand,' either a sky god or some other physical object" (Encarta 1). Think of it, as a trial to see which will win, creation or evolution. It has been the most argued debate in all of history, but creationism is more logical than evolution. To first understand what creation is about, we have to know what creation is. The Bible defines creation as the action by God that brought the universe and all its contents into being. The Bible also states, "God created great whales and every living creature that moveth, and so God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them" (Genesis 1:21, 27). To Doug LaPointe, the author of Top Evidences against the Theory of Evolution, there are nine articles of evidence pointing weaknesses in evolution, or strong points in creation. The first evidence is that there are no links between the fossil record and present times; therefore, there is nothing to show that evolution actually happened. Second, that natural selection cannot advance an organism to a higher order. The third being that although evolutionists believe life just came about, matter resulted from nothing, and humans evolved from animals, all of these are against scient ific and natural understandings. Fourth, even though evolutionists present them a...

Effective Leadership Essay

Effective leadership is a leader with exceptional oratorical skills who can persuade people to follow him or her to reaching their goal by asserting encouragement or fear. Throughout history we have had a number of leaders, effective and ineffective. Of the effective leaders all had a goal he or she were striving to obtain. They also shared similar characteristics such as oratorical skills, and most importantly the effective leaders were aware that people are moved by pathos, emotional appeal. So therefore by asserting either encouragement or fear they were able to persuade others. All these characteristics must come together to be an effective leader. Strong speaking skills are one of the characteristics that an effective leader must have. Strong speaking skills are characterized by a controlled and firm voice. A breathy or wavering voice can be taken as a sign of weakness, and an effective leader is not one who is believed to be weak. Strong speaking skills also mean that the speaker uses purposeful and direct body movements. Distracting and unnecessary movements take away from the effectiveness because they distract the audience from giving their full attention whoever is speaking and receiving the message they are trying to relay. Most importantly for the effectiveness of a leader they must command attention with their oratorical skills. There are a numerous amount of effective leaders in history, and one thing in common was that they all had strong oratorical skills. Take Martin Luther King of example; he was a man of confidence and empowerment. He was active during the Civil Rights period when African American’s needed someone to lead them to justice and serve as a beacon of light. It was said that when he spoke to crowds nothing except the sound of his voice could be heard for miles. He commanded attention with his voice and his words of encouragement gave African Americans hope throughout the nation. His oratorical skills were one of the reasons why he became a martyr and an effective leader. Another example of an effective leader is Adolph Hitler. He spoke to thousands of people. And despite the immorality of his actions, when he spoke to people, he possessed a firm voice with even firmer body movements. In Hitler’s leadership style the strength he showed was intended to instill fear in the people; the strength he showed also made him an effective leader. `Not only does an effective leader possess strong speaking skills but they must also have the ability to be in touch with the emotional appeal of human beings. Martin Luther King instilled encouragement in the African American in their quest to overcome racial injustice. Adolf Hitler instilled fear into the German people, so therefore they felt as though there was no other option but than to obey him. Although Hitler’s ethics and actions may have been morally wrong, his means to going about having people obey him was an example of effective leadership. Both Martin Luther King and Hitler are effective leaders in the sense that they both had strong oratorical skills and that they moved people to follow them by asserting encouragement or fear.

Love and Entire Emotional Spectrum Essay

The main subject of â€Å"Editha† is war. Editha blindly and ignorantly believes in the heroic romanticism of war and is totally oblivious to the real consequences of battle, and Howells shows his dislike in his portrayal of Editha though the plots. From the earliest of moments in the story, Editha is shown as one who has embraced the jingoistic claims of nationalism in a time of war. Editha sees war as a romantic pursuit, one in which there is no complexity. For Editha, when the nation has committed to war, there is no question of its authenticity and little room for doubt in terms of individuals paying heed to its call: â€Å"But don’t you see, dearest,† she said, â€Å"that it wouldn’t have come to this, if it hadn’t been in the order of Providence? And I call any war glorious that is for the liberation of people who have been struggling for years against the cruelest oppression. Don’t you think so too?† Editha views war in terms of providential design, â€Å"glorious† in its notion of â€Å"liberation,† and an exercise in which there can be no ambiguity. For Editha, war is an exercise of Romantic valor, something expressed to George in a letter to him in which her love of the â€Å"adventure† in war is almost secondary to the affection of a beloved: â€Å"I shall always love you, and therefore I shall never marry anyone else. But the man I marry must love his country first of all, and be able to say to me, â€Å"‘I could not love thee, dear, so much, Loved I not honor more.’ â€Å"There is no honor above America with me. In this great hour there is no other honor.† â€Å"Honor† is something that Editha defines externally. George defines himself in a very different manner. For George, â€Å"honor† is internal, adhering to a conception from within. In response to Editha’s zeal about war, George responds, â€Å"†But war! Is it glorious to break the peace of the world?† For George, the action of war is not honorable. George sees the world possessing doubt, something that he feels is present when he â€Å"differs† from Editha. In contrast to Editha’s certainty, George sees doubt and confusion. It is because of this that he is swayed to join the war effort, joining something in which he has doubt and uncertainty. It is in this point and counterpoint in which Editha and George operate. They function in relation to one another because they represent the entire emotional spectrum about love, war, and commitment.

Impact of Media and Social media on youth Essay

1 Explore the impact of media and of social media present with today’s youth by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented conclusions. Social media has become an essential part for today’s younger generation. Social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, My space, Instagram has positive effect on youth but equally it has negative effects as well. Positive Effects The social media websites has effected youth in a way that it is considered to be a great source for professionals. They can be used as a source to start a new business or any profession. For example if a friend is looking to get hired for a job and he posted a status on his profile, so any other friend who know any job related to him, he can send him couple of messages on his profile and that’s how it benefit people. They are many other positive aspects of these social networking websites. It may help in strengthening the relationships between the young generations. There are lots of people who don’t see their friends for so long. These social websites are a way where they can be connected again. They can connect with the friends no matter they are how long away from them. It has reduced distances. Just by one click and there you go. Send friend request, on the other end your friend will accept it and start chatting. Social networking sites has helped people in connect ing people who are too far away and with whom it is impossible to meet personally, and keeping them informed about your life and the events happening in your life (Johnson et al, 2002). Read more:  Positive Aspects of Social Media Negative Effects There are negative impacts of social media on youth as well. One of the negative impacts is cyber bullying, which is very common now a days on internet. This is commonly occurs on the sites of social media. Cyber bulling is basically an electronic base communication to tyrant a person,  most often by sending threatening messages. There are also videos on social networking websites that shows violence, these videos could lead to affect the behavior of teens. By watching violence they became more aggressive, their behavior with their family changes and their minds become assertive, this could ultimately affect their living in the society. Another negative impact of social networking sites on younger generation is that these sites don’t have strict privacy, many of the personal information has been shared publically. Many of the youth don’t know about the privacy policy of any blog and they don’t actually know that this information will be disclosed to the other p ersons like advertisements. While as sharing of the personal information like photos and places, teenagers feels safe to share this stuff on social media site and they don’t worry while sharing this stuff on facebook publically. According to a questionnaire conducted on the privacy of social media websites, 21 percent of the teenagers believed that it is safe to share your personal information like photos on facebook to public. When people who use these websites for taking photos of teenagers and use them for illegal causes without knowing any disclaimers, so personal information of the teenagers seems to be exposed. This is considered to be a very serious matter because of the increasing rates of cyber crimes like theft of identity of a person. Once you have been a victim of this cyber crime, then there is nothing effective you can do. The best possible way for the avoidance of this theft is that never put your personal information publically on social networking websites. This is a very serious issue and many of the teenagers especially girls has been a victim. This has badly affected their image. Social networking websites can be very suspicious to your computer as well through a process used by hackers known as social engineering. What happen is, a hacker hacks one of your friend’s account or may make a fake account using the name of your friend send you a friend request, you accept the request knowing that he is your friend, after that they send you a link in a private chat. When you click on that link you are gone, either your account password has been emailed to that person or you system has been affected by many scams and viruses. Impact of Media In today’s world media has become stronger as ever. Television is the major source for the impact of media. It has positive effect, but on today’s  younger generation, their positive impacts have been minimized as compared to their negative impacts. Positive impacts The positive impact of the media is that it provides information to youth. Television can be act as a teacher for the youth. Watching programs that gives good lessons of kindness, racial harmony and cooperation has affected very positively on youth. Similarly some of the programs aired on television encourage libraries, zoo visits, visit to bookstores, visit to museum and many other refreshing places, and also videos that hold educational purpose can proved to be strong pro-social devices of teachings. Another positive effect is the good advertisements, which can affect the children’s behavior in a positive way. For example, any alcohol company launched their advertisement on television. They spend 10% of their total budget on the damages caused by the usage of alcohol, which includes danger in driving as well. The stage of development of child has played a vital role in effect of advertisements. According to a survey, average child watches almost 20 thousand advertisements per year. Over 60 percent advertisements promote candy, sugared cereals, toys and fatty foods. Programs based on cartoons toy products are very attractive for the children. Negative impacts Watching television can put negative impact on youth. The negative impacts are as follows Violence Nutrition Sexuality Alcohol and Smoking Violence Number of programs that consist of violence has been increased in the recent time. According to an average a child watches round about 12,000 acts of violence in television programs annually, including many cases of extortion, rape and murder. Around 1000 articles based on this study confirm that display of increased doses in the violation of television made aggressive behavior especially in boys. Other studies show that publicity of suicides on newspaper and television has increased the risk of suicide by a huge factor. Nutrition Television is the reason for the lack of play and activities related to exercise which are essential for the growth of a child. Children who waste their time on watching excessive television programs are not fit physically and like to take junk food and snacks that gives high energy. Spending much time on watching television may lead to obesity. Watching advertisement that promotes junk food has affected nutritious died of a person. Advertisements based on healthy food consist of only 4 percent of the total advertisements shown when a child is watching television. Spending number of hours on watching television programs is directly proportional to the increased number of cholesterol in a child. It may also result in eating disorders especially in girls of teenage. Eating while, viewing television programs, may lead to meaningless communication and poor habits of eating. Sexuality The programs on televisions have become a top most educator regarding sex. Between the year 1976 to 1996, the interactions that has been sexual, increased by 270 percent. Television plays a big role in revealing the sexual behaviors in children by exhibiting that they are risk free and ordinary. Sex between the couple who are unmarried has been displayed 24 times greater than it has been shown between the married couples, while the infections caused by sex and the unwanted pregnancy have been mentioned rarely. Alcohol and smoking According to a survey, teenagers view 1000 to 2000 commercials promoting bears and depicting a message that real people drink it. This data shows that number of advertising beer is directly proportional to the increased number of beer consumption. Basically television is not the only way through which a child knows about drinking beer, the main point is that it doesn’t show the consequences it can produced. More than one half of the animated movies shows use of bear and tobacco normally, without showing the consequences it can produced if used excessively (Beresin and Eugene, 2009). 2. Compares and contrasts various ways of preventing a selected risk factor from developing into an issue that would require treatment or intervention, by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented reasoning for conclusions. The risk factor that has been chosen for the analysis is ‘Effect of violence in media on children’. There are two approaches that  lead to the reduction of effects caused by violent media (Murray and John, 2008). Limiting the ways of accessing and use of violent media It has been found by the researchers that by limiting the use of media, which includes watching television and playing video games, can result in the reduction of aggressive behavior in children. As many of the children’s involved in the activities of media at their home, so parents plays a big role by limiting the boundaries of excessive watching television programs and playing of video games by keeping an eye on the watching habits of child and also by monitoring what kind of and up to which extent they consume media. Parents should give lessons to their children at their developing stages that they should not watch violent programs, and any content that ultimately leads to the violence. In the year 1996 an act of telecommunication has been passed, whose focus was to provide assistance to the parents or the caretakers of the child in decreasing the child’s focus onto violent media. There has been the introduction of the rating systems through which parents could rate any specific program. If the rating has not been good that program will ultimately lead to its end. It has also the option of restricting some channel that includes the violent content. So parents were able to filter the specific television channels that exhibit violence and also the filter of abusive language. This could ultimately provide a parental control on child consuming the media. Creating Media knowledge in Youth and Parents The second technique used for the reduction of violent media is the knowledge of media through proper training. Parents and the children should be taught to assess media and create techniques in a way that may result in the reduction of violence. They should be taught a lesson, so they may able to find out the difference between the imaginary and real world. By knowing the outcome of violence shown on media in real life, and appraise the thinking of producers in the creation of a media product, explaining the nonviolent behavior in place of violent behaviors. After getting the training lessons, still many of the people don’t know about the function of blocking channels and content and for those who knows, they don’t bother to use this function. The training of giving knowledge about the media consist of Foundation known  as Just think foundation, which emphasizes on children by conveying programs based on education and that can be adjusted after the school or even bet ween the school timings. The center for the knowledge of media offers training of knowledge related to media for parents, teachers and community through activities and exercising. 3. Evaluates the various system supports that will be involved in preventing the selected risk factor, by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented reasoning for conclusions Youth have been affected badly by the violence on media. The age ranges from 12 to 17 years, there is more probability of them to be a victim of violence as compared to the adults, and three times more chance of getting into the victim of attack. There is another cause that leads to the death of people who have ages between 15 to 24 years. According to a survey the rate of people who have been a rape victim, sexual attack and robbery are below the age of 25 than any of other groups of age (Bushman et al, 2001). Violence has many types which includes emotional, sexual, verbal or physical violence. In each of its form, it has been committed mostly by the person who is a relative of the victim that includes its family member and friends. Following are the support systems for the prevention of violen ce media on youth. Promotion of a helping and safe atmosphere at home By increasing the number of parents or caretakers who have nonviolent children, confirming the restriction of promoting alcohol or any other drug by parents or caretakers. Proper training lessons should be conducted and help desk should be created for the facilitation of families who has been a victim of violence and also about the advantages of different ways that restrict media violation. Work with the training centers that works for the prevention of violence There should be awareness campaign for the prevention of programs that promote violent. Parents should work with the schools and helped with for this cause, in this way they will learn and on the same time teach this education to others as well. Forbid students for watching the violent programs at their early age and tell them the risks that possibly could occur as a result of watching these violent programs. Manage the society in a way that it will minimize risks and maximize protection Technically connect with the programs that work on the development of youth. There should be availability of every opportunity that supports in making  healthy relationships. Proper campaigns should be launched which describes the awareness among the youth about the damages caused the use of alcohol. Manage the best practices systems in order to reduce violence and to address civil condition Introduction of new policies should made that should meet the initial needs of a family like residence, income, nutrition, food and childcare. Training of the individuals so that they may able to find and give response to the violence on media. One thing must be checked that are your surroundings which includes your neighbors are safe. Promotion of an attractive package of the preventive services regarding health for younger generation age ranges from 11 to 21. Provide food and shelter for the people who don’t have their own homes. These are the ways through which violence on media can be prevented. If a person wants society free from this violation, he should follow these steps in order to develop a better society (Robinson et al, 2001). 4. Categorizes the roles of each system in preventing the selected risk factor, by providing thoroughly supported detail, and well-documented conclusions. Roles of each system Promotion of a helping and safe atmosphere at home This system for preventing the risk of violence shown on media helps in guiding the parents about treating their children related to violence that is shown on media and social media. This system encourages the secure atmosphere at homes of children so that they cannot learn bad things from media. Work with the training centers that works for the prevention of violence The role of this system is to tell about the importance of different centers of training through which people can learn about preventing violence. People can learn about the advantage of these training centers related to violence and can prevent this is future. Manage the society in a way that it will minimize risks and maximize protection The main role of this system for preventing violence is to manage the society in a way that can reduce the level of risks and increase the level of protection. Media channels and social media should be given lessons through which they can learn that what to show on media and what to not. Manage the best practices systems in order to reduce violence and to address civil condition The role of this  system is to manage the practices that are best for the system for reducing violence in society and for addressing the condition in civil. References Johnson Jeffrey G., Patricia Cohen, Elizabeth M. Smailes, Stephanie Kasen, and Judith S. Brook. (2002). â€Å"Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood.† Science295(5564):2468-2471 Beresin, Eugene V. (2009). â€Å"The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents: Opportunities for Clinical Interventions.† American Academy of Child Adolescents Psychiatry. [Available Online] http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/developmentor/the_impact_of_media_violence_on_chi ldren_and_adolescents_opportunities_for_clinical_interventions (Retrieved on 29 Oct 2014) Murray, John P. (2008). â€Å"Media Violence: The Effects Are Both Real and Strong.† American Behavioral Scientist 51(8):1212-1230 Bushman, Brad J., and L. Rowell Huesmann. (2001). Effects of Televised Violence on Aggression. In: Singer DG, Singer JL, eds. Handbook of Children and the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Robinson, Thomas N., Marta L. Wilde, Lisa C. Navracruz, K. Farish Haydel, and Ann Varady. (2001). â€Å"Effects of reducing children’s television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial.† Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 155:17-23 Federal Communications Commission. In the matter of violent television programming and its impact on children: statement of Commissioner Deborah Taylor Tate. MB docket No. 04-261 [Available online] http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-07-50A5.pdf [Retrieved on 29 Oct 2014]